The Climate Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation and Distribution (FUND) is a so-called integrated assessment model of climate change. FUND was originally set-up to study the role of international capital transfers in climate policy, but it soon evolved into a test-bed for studying impacts of climate change in a dynamic context, and it is now often used to perform cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses of greenhouse gas emission reduction policies, to study equity of climate change and climate policy, and to support game-theoretic investigations into international environmental agreements.

FUND links scenarios and simple models of population, technology, economics, emissions, atmospheric chemistry, climate, sea level, and impacts. Together, these elements describe not-implausible futures. The model runs in time-steps of one year from 1950 to 2300, and distinguishes 16 major world regions.

 Regions in FUND.

FUND further includes the option to reduce emissions of industrial carbon dioxide. Reductions can be set by the user, or calculated so as to meet certain criteria set by the user.

An integrated assessment model, FUND is used to advice policymakers about proper and not-so-proper strategies. The model, however, always reflects its developer's world views. It is therefore regularly contrary to the rhetoric of politicians, and occasionally politically incorrect.

It is the developer's firm belief that most researchers should be locked away in an ivory tower. Models are often quite useless in unexperienced hands, and sometimes misleading. No one is smart enough to master in a short period what took someone else years to develop. Not-understood models are irrelevant, half-understood models treacherous, and mis-understood models dangerous.

Therefore, FUND does not have a pretty interface, and you will have to make to real effort to let it do something, let alone to let it do something new. If you want to give it a try, you can download selected versions of the model. You will need TurboPascal 7.0 for DOS to operate version 2.9 and below. This programme is no longer on the market, but you can purchase Delphi by Borland instead. For version 3.0 and higher, you need MS Visual Studio 2008 and Oxygene. Descriptions and applications of the model can be found in the publications listed below.

FUND was originally developed by Richard Tol. It is now co-developed by David Anthoff and Richard Tol. FUND does not have an institutional home.

Version	Description	Download	Documentation	Tables
1.0-1.5	Experimental versions	None
1.6	Cost-benefit analysis; cost-effectiveness analysis	FUND1.6
1.7	As 1.6,with methane emission reduction	Exp
1.8	As 1.6, with alternative forms of discounting	Exp
1.9	As 1.6, with alternative social welfare functions	Exp
2.0	Updated impactmodule; coalition formation	FUND2.0
2.1	Limited international trade and investment, alternative social welfare functions	FUND2.1
2.2	Extended time horizon; thermohaline circulation	Dev
2.3	Endogenous technological change	Dev
2.4	Extended impact module, development aid	Dev
2.5	16 instead of 9 regions, coalition formation	Dev
2.6	Health-wealth feedbacks	FUND2.6
2.7	Methane and nitrous oxide emission reduction	FUND2.7
2.8	Diarrhoea, extension to 2300	FUND2.8	download	download
2.8n	Impacts only; 207 countries	Dev
2.9	Updated climate module	Dev
2.9b	Added SF6	Dev
2.9c	Dynamic biosphere	Dev
2.9d	Updated radiative code	FUND2.9d
3.0	New software	Exp
3.1	Fixing bugs	Exp
3.2	All bugs fixed	Exp
3.3	Updated ecosystem impacts	FUND3.3	download	download

Table 1. Various versions of the FUND model, their application, and their availability. Some ("Exp") are experimental versions of the model, not to be used by non-expert users. You can obtain the source code by sending me an email. The model code of "Dev"-Versions will be made available after peer review.

FUND would not have existed without the generous financial support by the Netherlands National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change,various research programmes of the European Commission, Directorate-General XII, the National Science Foundation through its support for the Center for Integrated Study of the Human Dimensions of Global Change, the Michael Otto Foundation, the Princeton Environmental Institute, and the Electric Power Research Institute.

FUND 3.2

Anthoff, D. and R.S.J. Tol (2008), The Impact of Climate-Change on the Balanced Growth Equivalent, Working Paper 228, Economic and Social Research Institute.

FUND 2.9

Anthoff, D., C.J. Hepburn and R.S.J. Tol (forthcoming), 'Equity Weighing and the Marginal Damage Costs of Climate Change', Ecological Economics.

FUND 2.8n

Link, P.M. and R.S.J. Tol (2006), The Economic Impact of a Shutdown of the Thermohaline Circulation: An Application of FUND, FNU-103.

Nicholls, R.J., R.S.J. Tol and A.T. Vafeidis (forthcoming), 'Global Estimates of the Impact of a Collapse of the West-Antarctic Ice Sheet', Climatic Change.

Tol, R.S.J. (2007), ‘The Double Trade-off between Adaptation and Mitigation for Sea Level Rise: An Application of FUND’, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12, 741-753.

FUND 2.8

Guo, J.K., C.J. Hepburn, R.S.J. Tol and D. Anthoff (2006), ‘Discounting and the Social Cost of Carbon: A Closer Look at Uncertainty’, Environmental Science and Policy, 9, 205-216.

Link, P.M. and R.S.J. Tol (2004), ‘Possible Economic Impacts of a Shutdown of the Thermohaline Circulation: An Application of FUND’, Portuguese Economic Journal, 3, 99-114.

FUND 2.7

Tol, R.S.J. (2006), 'Exchange Rates and Climate Change: An Application of FUND', Climatic Change, 75, 59-80.

Tol, R.S.J. (2006), 'Multi-Gas Emission Reduction for Climate Change Policy: An Application of FUND', Energy Journal (Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Change Policy Special Issue), 235-250.

FUND 2.6

Tol, R.S.J. (2008), 'Climate, Development, and Malaria: An Application of FUND', Climatic Change, 88 (1), 21-34.

FUND 2.4

Tol, R.S.J. (2005), ‘Emission Abatement versus Development as Strategies to Reduce Vulnerability to Climate Change: An Application of FUND’, Environment and Development Economics, 10, 615-629.

FUND 2.3

Tol, R.S.J. (2005), ‘An Emission Intensity Protocol for Climate Change: An Application of FUND’, Climate Policy, 4, 269-287. download

FUND 2.2

Tol, R.S.J. (2001), A Collapse of the Thermohaline Circulation and its Impacts on Africa, National Academy of Sciences Committee on Abrupt Climate Change and the Yale/NBER Program on International Environmental Economic Workshop on Economic and Ecological Impacts of Abrupt Climate Change, Washington, D.C., March 22-23.

Tol, R.S.J. (2001), Economic Implications of a Collapse of the Thermohaline Circulation, Integration project meeting, Postdam, September 19-20.

FUND 2.1

Kemfert, C. and R.S.J. Tol (2001), ‘Equity, International Trade and Climate Policy’, in D. Heinen, S. Hoch, T. Krafft, C. Moss, P. Scheidt and A. Welschhoff (eds.), Contributions of Global Change Research, pp. 105-121, German National Committee on Global Change Research, Bonn.

Kemfert, C. and R.S.J. Tol (2002), ‘Equity, International Trade and Climate Policy’, International Environmental Agreements, 2,23-48.

FUND 2.0

Darwin, R.F. and R.S.J. Tol (2001), ‘Estimates of the Economic Effects of Sea Level Rise’, Environmental and Resource Economics, 19 (2), 113-129.

Tol, R.S.J.(2002), ‘New Estimates of the Damage Costs of Climate Change, Part I: Benchmark Estimates’, Environmental and Resource Economics, 21 (1), 47-73.

Tol, R.S.J. (2002), ‘New Estimates of the Damage Costs of Climate Change, Part II: Dynamic Estimates’, Environmental and Resource Economics, 21 (2), 135-160.

Tol, R.S.J.(2003), ‘Is the Uncertainty about ClimateChange Too Large for Expected Cost-Benefit Analysis?’, ClimaticChange, 56 (3), 265-289.

Tol, R.S.J. and H. Dowlatabadi (2001), ‘Vector-borne Diseases, Climate Change, and Economic Growth’, Integrated Assessment, 2, 173-181.

FUND 1.9

Tol, R.S.J. (2000), ‘Equitable Cost-Benefit Analysis of Climate ChangePolicy’ in: C. Carraro (ed.) Efficiency and Equity of Climate Change Policy, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 273-290.

Tol, R.S.J. (2001), ‘Equitable Cost-Benefit Analysis of Climate Change’, Ecological Economics, 36 (1), 71-85.

Tol, R.S.J. (2002), ‘Welfare Specification and Optimal Control of Climate Change: An Application of FUND’, Energy Economics, 24 (2), 367-376.

FUND 1.8

Tol,R.S.J. (1999), ‘Time Discounting and Optimal Control of Climate Change: An Application of FUND’, Climatic Change, 41 (3-4), 351-362.

FUND 1.7

Tol, R.S.J., R.J. Heintz and P.E.M. Lammers (2003),‘Methane Emission Reduction: An Application of FUND’, ClimaticChange, 57 (1-2), 71-98.

FUND 1.6

Hourcade, J.-C., M. Haduong, A. Gruebler and R.S.J. Tol (2001), 'INASUD Project Findings on Integrated Assessment of Climate Policies', Integrated Assessment, 2 (1), 31-35.

Tol, R.S.J. (1995), ‘The Damage Costs of Climate Change -- Towards More Comprehensive Calculations’, Environmental and Resource Economics, 5, 353-374.

Tol, R.S.J. (1996), ‘The Damage Costs of Climate Change: Towards a Dynamic Representation’, Ecological Economics, 19, 67-90.

Tol, R.S.J. (1997), ‘The Climate Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation and Distribution’ in: O.K. Cameron, K. Fukuwatari and T. Morita (eds.), Climate Change and Integrated Assessment Models:Bridging the Gaps -- Proceedings of the IPCC Asia-Pacific Workshop onIntegrated Assessment Models, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 591-593.

Tol, R.S.J. (1998), ‘On the Difference in Impact between Two Almost Identical Climate Scenarios’, Energy Policy, 26 (1),13-20.

Tol, R.S.J. (1999), ‘The Marginal Costs of Greenhouse Gas Emissions’, The Energy Journal, 20 (1),61-81.

Tol, R.S.J. (1999), ‘Kyoto, Efficiency, and Cost-Effectiveness: Applications of FUND’, Energy Journal Special Issue on the Costs of the KyotoProtocol: A Multi-Model Evaluation, 130-156.

Tol, R.S.J. (1999), ‘Spatial and Temporal Efficiency in Climate Policy: Applications of FUND’, Environmentaland Resource Economics, 14 (1), 33-49.

Tol, R.S.J. (1999), ‘Safe Policies in an Uncertain Climate: An Application of FUND’, Global EnvironmentalChange, 9, 221-232.

FUND 1.5

Tol, R.S.J. (1997), ‘On the Optimal Control of Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- An Application of FUND’, Environmental Modelling and Assessment, 2, 151-163.

Tol, R.S.J. (1996), ‘The Climate Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation and Distribution’ in: K.A. Miller and R.K. Parkin (eds.), An Institute on the Economics of the Climate Resource, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, pp. 471-496.

Tol, R.S.J. (2001), ‘Climate Coalitions in an Integrated Assessment Model’, Computational Economics, 18,159-172.

The following papers are hard to find, but crucial for understanding FUND.

Downing, T. E., Eyre, N., Greener, R., & Blackwell, D. 1996, Projected Costs of Climate Change for Two Reference Scenarios and Fossil Fuel Cycles, Environmental Change Unit, Oxford.

Downing, T. E., Eyre, N., Greener, R., & Blackwell, D. 1996, Full Fuel Cycle Study: Evaluation of the Global Warming Externality for Fossil Fuel Cycles with and without CO2 Abatament and for Two Reference Scenarios, Environmental Change Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford.